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Summary: Fields | Protected Ctors | Methods | Inherited Methods

# Writer

`public abstract class Writer`
`extends Object` `implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable`

java.lang.Object
↳ | java.io.Writer

Known direct subclasses BufferedWriter, CharArrayWriter, FilterWriter, OutputStreamWriter, PipedWriter, PrintWriter, StringWriter
BufferedWriter | Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters so as to provide for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and strings.
CharArrayWriter | This class implements a character buffer that can be used as an Writer.
FilterWriter | Abstract class for writing filtered character streams.
OutputStreamWriter | An OutputStreamWriter is a bridge from character streams to byte streams: Characters written to it are encoded into bytes using a specified `charset`.
PipedWriter | Piped character-output streams.
PrintWriter | Prints formatted representations of objects to a text-output stream.
StringWriter | A character stream that collects its output in a string buffer, which can then be used to construct a string.

Known indirect subclasses FileWriter
FileWriter | Convenience class for writing character files.

Abstract class for writing to character streams. The only methods that a subclass must implement are write(char[], int, int), flush(), and close(). Most subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in order to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.

See also:

- `Writer`
- `BufferedWriter`
- `CharArrayWriter`
- `FilterWriter`
- `OutputStreamWriter`
- `FileWriter`
- `PipedWriter`
- `PrintWriter`
- `StringWriter`
- `Reader`

## Summary

### Fields
`protected Object` | `lock` The object used to synchronize operations on this stream.

### Protected constructors
`Writer()` Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.
`Writer(Object lock)` Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.

### Public methods
`Writer` | `append(char c)` Appends the specified character to this writer.
`Writer` | `append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end)` Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer.
`Writer` | `append(CharSequence csq)` Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.
`abstract void` | `close()` Closes the stream, flushing it first.
`abstract void` | `flush()` Flushes the stream.
`void` | `write(String str)` Writes a string.
`void` | `write(int c)` Writes a single character.
`void` | `write(String str, int off, int len)` Writes a portion of a string.
`abstract void` | `write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)` Writes a portion of an array of characters.
`void` | `write(char[] cbuf)` Writes an array of characters.

### Inherited methods
From class `java.lang.Object`
`Object` | `clone()` Creates and returns a copy of this object.
`boolean` | `equals(Object obj)` Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
`void` | `finalize()` Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.
`final Class<?>` | `getClass()` Returns the runtime class of this `Object`.
`int` | `hashCode()` Returns a hash code value for the object.
`final void` | `notify()` Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
`final void` | `notifyAll()` Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
`String` | `toString()` Returns a string representation of the object.
`final void` | `wait(long timeout, int nanos)` Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the `notify()` method or the `notifyAll()` method for this object, or some other thread interrupts the current thread, or a certain amount of real time has elapsed.
`final void` | `wait(long timeout)` Causes the current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the `notify()` method or the `notifyAll()` method for this object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.
`final void` | `wait()` Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the `notify()` method or the `notifyAll()` method for this object.
From interface `java.lang.Appendable`
`abstract Appendable` | `append(char c)` Appends the specified character to this `Appendable`.
`abstract Appendable` | `append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end)` Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this `Appendable`.
`abstract Appendable` | `append(CharSequence csq)` Appends the specified character sequence to this `Appendable`.
From interface `java.io.Closeable`
`abstract void` | `close()` Closes this stream and releases any system resources associated with it.
From interface `java.io.Flushable`
`abstract void` | `flush()` Flushes this stream by writing any buffered output to the underlying stream.
From interface `java.lang.AutoCloseable`
`abstract void` | `close()` Closes this resource, relinquishing any underlying resources.

## Fields

### lock

    protected Object lock

The object used to synchronize operations on this stream. For efficiency, a character-stream object may use an object other than itself to protect critical sections. A subclass should therefore use the object in this field rather than `this` or a synchronized method.

## Protected constructors

### Writer

    protected Writer ()

Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.

### Writer

    protected Writer (Object lock)

Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.

Parameters
`lock` | `Object`: Object to synchronize on

## Public methods

### append

    public Writer append (char c)

Appends the specified character to this writer.

An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(c)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

         out.write(c)

Parameters
`c` | `char`: The 16-bit character to append

Returns
`Writer` | This writer

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### append

    public Writer append (CharSequence csq,
                    int start,
                    int end)

Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer. `Appendable`.

An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq, start, end)` when `csq` is not `null` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

         out.write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString())

Parameters
`csq` | `CharSequence`: The character sequence from which a subsequence will be appended. If `csq` is `null`, then characters will be appended as if `csq` contained the four characters `"null"`.
`start` | `int`: The index of the first character in the subsequence
`end` | `int`: The index of the character following the last character in the subsequence

Returns
`Writer` | This writer

Throws
`IndexOutOfBoundsException` | If `start` or `end` are negative, `start` is greater than `end`, or `end` is greater than `csq.length()`
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### append

    public Writer append (CharSequence csq)

Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.

An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

         out.write(csq.toString())

Depending on the specification of `toString` for the character sequence `csq`, the entire sequence may not be appended. For instance, invoking the `toString` method of a character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon the buffer's position and limit.

Parameters
`csq` | `CharSequence`: The character sequence to append. If `csq` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended to this writer.

Returns
`Writer` | This writer

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### close

    public abstract void close ()

Closes the stream, flushing it first. Once the stream has been closed, further write() or flush() invocations will cause an IOException to be thrown. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect.

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### flush

    public abstract void flush ()

Flushes the stream. If the stream has saved any characters from the various write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their intended destination. Then, if that destination is another character or byte stream, flush it. Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the buffers in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.

If the intended destination of this stream is an abstraction provided by the underlying operating system, for example a file, then flushing the stream guarantees only that bytes previously written to the stream are passed to the operating system for writing; it does not guarantee that they are actually written to a physical device such as a disk drive.

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### write

    public void write (String str)

Writes a string.

Parameters
`str` | `String`: String to be written

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### write

    public void write (int c)

Writes a single character. The character to be written is contained in the 16 low-order bits of the given integer value; the 16 high-order bits are ignored.

Subclasses that intend to support efficient single-character output should override this method.

Parameters
`c` | `int`: int specifying a character to be written

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### write

    public void write (String str,
                    int off,
                    int len)

Writes a portion of a string.

Parameters
`str` | `String`: A String
`off` | `int`: Offset from which to start writing characters
`len` | `int`: Number of characters to write

Throws
`IndexOutOfBoundsException` | If `off` is negative, or `len` is negative, or `off+len` is negative or greater than the length of the given string
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### write

    public abstract void write (char[] cbuf,
                    int off,
                    int len)

Writes a portion of an array of characters.

Parameters
`cbuf` | `char`: Array of characters
`off` | `int`: Offset from which to start writing characters
`len` | `int`: Number of characters to write

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

### write

    public void write (char[] cbuf)

Writes an array of characters.

Parameters
`cbuf` | `char`: Array of characters to be written

Throws
`IOException` | If an I/O error occurs

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